History of Massage

~Massage comes from an Arabic word meaning "stroke"

~Massage dates back 3000 years to China

~Hippocrates wrote "The physician must be experienced in many things, but more assuredly in
rubbing."

~Thomas Edison wrote "The health care provider of the future will give no medicines, but will
interest his patients in diet and exercise and the prevention of disease."

3000 BC - Chinese: Cong-Fu of the Toa-Tse. Oldest known book written about massage. 
Translated to French in 1700’s.

2760 - Nei Ching describes therapeutic touch                    

2500 BC – Egyptians created reflexology.

2000 BC- First Writings about Massage

1800 BC - Ayurvedic. Art of Life book that included massage techniques.  In India, the focus
was on sensual massage aspects.  Ayur-Veda is a code of life and it deals with rebirth,
renunciation, salvation, soul, purpose of life, maintenance of mental health, prevention and
treatment of diseases. 

1600 B.C .- in Egypt the first record of chemotherapy being employed as a treatment for
cancer 

1555 BC - A medical papyri contains remedies for all types of illnesses and the methods of
application are similar to the ones used in Aromatherapy and Herbal medicine today. 

1000 BC - Homer wrote about an oily medium used for massage 

776 BC -   Olympic Games.  Athletes massaged prior to their events.

604-531 BC - The founder of Taoism is believed to be Lao-Tse 

500 BC -  Herodicus- prescribed gymnastics to heal. Considered to be the founder of
medical Gymnastics.

460-380 BC - Hippocrates was taught by Herodicus.  Used Friction to treat sprains and
dislocations (called anatripsis-Greek for friction).  Thought that disease resulted from natural
causes and the body has the power to heal itself.  Wrote code of ethics that became the
Hippocratic Oath. Hippocrates said: hard rubbing binds…much rubbing causes parts to waste…
and moderate rubbing makes them grow.

200 BC - Greek physician Galan used natural magnets to relieve pain in treating many illnesses.

200 BC - The Huangdi Nei Jing (Yellow Emperor's Inner Classic) is the earliest surviving
canonical text of traditional Chinese medicine. Anmo is referred to in 30 different chapters of
the Nei Jing.

100-44 BC - Romans.  Julius Caesar used Massage therapy to relieve his neuralgia and
epileptic seizures.  Was thought to have been “Pinched” every day.

130 AD- 201 AD - Galen. Originally from Greece.  Physician for the school of gladiators
who were rubbed before fighting.  Wrote book on manual medicine.

90 BC – Chinese created acupuncture. 

25 BC- 50 AD -  Aulus Cornelius Celsius. Roman Physician.  Wrote De Medicina (8
textbooks with a lot of information on massage).

100’s AD – First schools of massage were developed in china

228 AD-337 AD -  The Roman Emperor Constantine condemned the baths and gymnasiums
as he thought they added to the abuse of sex.

589 AD-617 AD -  Sui Dynasty already had knowledge of Massage used as therapy.

600’s – Japanese developed shiatsu (finger pressure or acupressure), anma is massage in
Japanese.

980 AD-1037 AD -  Avicenna, Persian medic, wrote the Canon of Medicine during the
crusades May have been the first to use the process known as distillation to distil essence of
rose, although it probably took many years to perfect the process

1300-1368 - Guy deChauliac  wrote a book on surgery mentioning bodywork as an adjunct to
surgery.

1368-1644 In the Ming Dynasty, pediatric massage (which, for the first time, was referred to
as "tuina") evolved into a highly systematic treatment modality which is still popular today.

1517-1590 - Ambroise Pare, French barber surgeon, raised awareness of the use of massage

1569 - Girolamo Mercuriale wrote the first sports medicine book.

1564-1626- Lord Francis Bacon observed that massage had benefits enhancing circulation.

1608-1679 – Giovanni Alfonso Borelli studied muscular contraction.

1660-1742 - Prussia.  Friedrich Hoffman, physician to King of Prussia recommended rubbing
and gymnastics for the royal court.

1742-1823 -  John Grosvenor, English surgeon practiced healing with hands.

1776-1839 - Per Henrik Ling- fencing master and gymnast studied massage after he cured
himself of rheumatism in his arm.    Developed a system of  Medical Gymnastics.

1800's -Reiki is believed to date back to early Tibetan healing practices. Discovered in the
1800's by a Japanese philosopher and Christian seminary educator, Dr. Mikao Usui

1813 - Per Henrik Ling formed the Royal Gymnastic Central Institute in Stockholm, Sweden. 
His students carried on his work after his death.

1828-1917 - American osteopathic medicine was begun by Andrew Taylor Still.

1837 - Ling’s disciple, M. LeRon brought Movement Cure to Russia, St. Petersburg.

1839-1909 - Johann Mezger. Holland.  Brought medical massage to scientific community. 
Started using the terms effleurage, petrissage and tapotement.

1850s - scientific massage therapy was introduced in the United States by two New York
physicians, brothers George and Charles Taylor, who had studied in Sweden.

1856 - Mathias Roth, English physician, taught Charles Fayette Taylor and George Henry
Taylor who brought massage to the US

1852-1943 -John Harvey Kellogg, Battle Creek Sanitarium used massage and hydrotherapy. 
Published magazine called "Good Health"

1879 - Douglas Graham-described lomi lomi and wrote a history of massage. May have been
first to use massage in USA.

1880 - Mary Putnam Jacobi and Victoria A White in New York City.  Medical Doctors
and professors who researched the benefits of massage and ice packs in the management of
anemia.

1884 - Professor Charcot. French Physician taught Sigmund Freud.  Though French doctors
should use massage more.

1884 - Massage Scandals in Europe.  Physicians became skeptical of claims made by massage
therapist and accused practitioners of stealing patients.

1894 - Society of Trained Masseuses formed in Britain. Set up study of massage along with
prerequisites for education and criteria for school recognition.

1895 - Sigmund Freud.  Used Massage Therapy to treat hysteria. Studies in Hysteria. 
Postulated that what we did not or will not confront in our lives would be buried in the body in
the unconscious mind.

1895 -Harvey Kellogg -The Art of Massage -Full text available online at The Meridian
Institute.

1899 - Sir William Bennet- Started a massage department at St. George’s Hospital in London.

1800's -Canadian Deep Muscle This technique addresses specific muscles and muscle groups.
The practitioners are trained to fix specific problems. It is a fundamental technique that offers
fast results for both pain and stress. This form of cross fiber massage was first written about in
the late 1800's in New York City.

1900 - Albert Hoffa- wrote book “Technike der Massage”.

1900s early- Jin shin jyutsu, the "art of circulation awakening," was developed in Japan by Jiro
Murai and brought to the United States in the 1960s by Mary Iino Burmeister. 

1900's early- The Alexander Technique was developed by an Australian actor F.M.
Alexander

1907 - Edgar Ferdinand Cyriax-  Used Ling’s Swedish Movement Cure and
Mechanotherapeutics.

1907 -Naprapathy originated by a chiropractor in Chicago . This also concerns connective
tissue.

1913 - Dr. William Fitzgerald rediscovered Reflexology and called it Zone Therapy.

1917 - James Mennell. London. St. Thomas Hospital.  Did physical treatment by movement,
manipulation and massage.

W.W.I -  Swedish massage used for rehabilitation of injured soldiers.

1927 - New York State Society of Medical Massage Therapists (first massage association)

1929 - Elizabeth Dicke, German physical therapist created “Bindgewebs massage” or
connective tissue massage.  Used reflex zones.

1930’s - Hospitals staffed Physical Therapists who were doing massage.

1930 - Neuromuscular Therapy created  by Stanley Leif.

1932 - Emil Voder. Danish physiologist created Manual Lymph Drainage.

1934 -  Wilhelm Reich - Austrian psychoanalysis. Freud’s student.  Used Somato
techniques to dissolve muscular armor. Attempted to cure neuroses by releasing their
corresponding muscle tensions by using breath, movement and physical manipulation. The
community was outraged at the thought of using physical contact. He was sent to prison for
his conflicts and died there.

Bioenergetics, created by Alexander Lowen, emerged from Reich’s work.

1937 -A French chemist, Rene Maurice Gattefosse, began his research into the healing powers
of essential oils after burning his hand in his laboratory and immersing in it in lavender oil and
being impressed by how quickly the burn healed. He published a book about the anti-
microbial effects of the oils and coined the word Aromatherapy.

1939 - The Florida State Massage Therapy Association Inc. (FSMTA) was irst organized on
June 15, 1939 one of the oldest massage organization, with 85 charter members. The first
Massage Act was passed by the Florida Legislature in 1943. 

1940 – James Cyriax, son of Edgar Ferdinand Cyriax, and British Osteopath, created deep
transverse friction.

1943 - Chicago American Association of Masseurs and Masseuses formed.  Later to
become American Massage Therapy Association.  Dues were $.50.

1949 - Massage Registration Act formulated by AMM.

1944 - Harold Storms- Storms technique for fibrositic nodules.

1950’s -  Francis Tappan and Gertrude Beard wrote books and articles on massage
techniques.

1952 - Janet Travell researches Triggerpoints.

1952 -Hoshino Therapy developed by Tomezo Hoshino, Hoshino Therapy is an official
medical therapy in Argentina.

1956 - Margaret Knott and Dorothy Vass wrote a book called “Proprioceptive
Neuromuscular Facilitation”.

1960’s - Albert Baumgartner used Massage in Athletics.

1960’s – Esalen became a center to explore human potential.  Ida Rolf did her first trainings
there. Deane Juhan worked there. Bernie Gunther trained people to do massage.

1964 - Applied Kinesiology was founded by Chiropractor George Goodheart

1966 - Raymond Nimmo-Wrote book " The Receptor Tonus Method ", which came from
his work with "noxious generative points".

1960' s late- John Barnes,developed Myofascial Release Therapy 

1971 -Core Energetics Started by Dr. John Pierralcos in 1971, core energetics adds a more
spiritual aspect to bioenergetics. 

1972 -  Moshe Feldenkrais, writes "Awareness Through Movement" which follows up his
1949 publication "The Body and Mature Behavior".  Studies of sensory awareness and
movement re-education somewhat based on F.M. Alexander's work.

1973 -Zero Balancing was developed by osteopath and acupuncturist Dr. Fritz Smith 

1976 -Myotherapy developed by Bonnie Prudden

1977 - Aston-Patterning is developed by Judith Aston (form of rolfing) 

1978 - Joseph Heller started Hellerwork (form of rolfing)

1978 -Soma Neuromuscular Integration developed by Bill Williams, Ph.D, one of the first
students of Ida Rolf

1980’s - Association of Bodywork and Massage Practitioners formed.

1980s -Watsu (water therapy) was developed by Harold Dull 

1980’ s-Taws Method (Soft Tissue Release) was developed by Stuart Taws, a British sports
rehabilitation therapist now residing in America

1981 - Lauren Berry, a physical therapist and mechanical engineer, recorded his methods of
manipulating joints, "The Berry Method, Volume I"

1981 -  Lawrence H. Jones identifies tenderpoints and develops "Strain- Counterstrain"
techniques of treating points.

1983 - Janet Travell writes book. with David Simons.  "Myofascial Pain and Dysfunction: 
The Triggerpoint Manual : Volumes I & 2

1990’s -  David Palmer creates and markets On Site Massage.

1990 - protocol for fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) defined by the American College of
Rheumatology 

1991 -  Touch Research Institute created.

1992 - National Certification .

2001 - CAM law activated in Minnesota